FORGOTTEN CHILDREN’S CLASSICS MAKE FOR GOOD SUMMER READS Summer reading is my favorite kind of reading, a time when books exist solely for enjoyment, for transporting ourselves from the breezy heat of the old porch swing, or from the rainy day window seat framed by flowery drapes, into another land or time period. Even better when it can be shared with children who, but for a good book, are quick to pronounce their boredom with the slower pace of life this time of year. I have rediscovered two books, decades-old classics, that I’m sure may be new to many children and adults alike. And even if there’s not a child in your immediate vicinity, I find these two stories to be so impactful and memorable as to be enjoyed by any age. The first one is “Across Five Aprils” by Irene Hunt, published in 1964. It is a coming-of-age story set during the Civil War. It follows the wartime experiences of Midwestern farm boy Jethro Creighton. This story’s uniqueness comes from the fact that the reader never sees any of the war itself firsthand, yet we still understand the horrors of it and its effects on every family in the land through letters Jethro receives from his older brothers fighting in the war as well as from Shadrach Yale, the teacher he idolizes. Through their different personalities and varied experiences, he comes to face the realities of death, of a brother on the run as a deserter, and even a brother who chooses to fight for the Confederacy, thus exposing his family as a target for prejudice and vengeance. We see how starkly real and penetrating the effects of war could be for even a young boy miles away from its blood-stained battlefields. Jethro faces adult feelings and dilemmas and draws us into the everyday life of the civilian, often proved to be nearly as unpleasant as the soldiers’ lot. His pleading, inquiring letter to President Abraham Lincoln is a touching connection between the fictional story and the period of real history it portrays. A powerful read, and my favorite Civil War-era classic. The second book I have recently enjoyed is also a work of classic historical fiction but so different in its scope. “A Lantern in Her Hand” by Bess Streeter Aldrich was first published in 1928. The age of the book is evident in its rambling, amateur style, with nearly every sentence, it seems, beginning with the words “And then…”. I was well into the book before I saw the point of it, but when I did, I found it to be insightful and brilliant. It is the story of fictional pioneer mother Abbie Deal, who as Will Deal’s new wife, moves with him to the Nebraska frontier of the 1850s. Where the wonderful Little House books by Laura Ingalls Wilder tell of frontier life through the eyes of a little girl, “A Lantern in Her Hand” shows the point of view of a mother whose adult struggles and concerns go largely unnoticed by her children. When she was young, Abbie dreamed of excelling in the arts. She has the voice of a songbird, a passion for painting and capturing her landscape observations on canvas. But life gets in the way; goals are put off and later forgotten as she and Will work side by side to carve out a farm on the prairie and build a community that may someday provide the opportunities that so eluded her as a girl. When her children grow up to know the good life and to develop the talents their mother never had the chance to use, they never really realize how much she gave up for them. We, as reader, are in the enviable position of viewing an entire life from beginning to end, a perspective we would rarely observe in real life. Adults and children may be gently reminded that inside every elderly woman or man, a young, idealistic person used to be. And in reading about Abbie, we know that a young heart still exists that wants to sing on the top of a windy knoll. I can highly recommend this book for its wonderful perspective.

Finding the right article spinner software reviews can be a difficult process, you would think it would be easy because there are so many, but it isn’t precisely because of this. How do you choose the best of the lot?. Choosing the right article spinning software should only take a matter of minutes, but instead takes hours because you have to filter through all the junk. A good article spinner can save you a ton of time, and lots of money but the wrong program is useless so you have to be careful and choose the right article spinning software program. The only way to find the right spinner is by looking at article spinner software reviews, but you need to be aware that some reviews can be written by the company that is trying to sell their own software, so you want to look for certain features in the reviews. Most article spinning software programs that are not very good don’t offer any of these features. Make Sure there is a Money Back Guarantee A confident article spinner company will offer a guarantee on their product. Often if you don’t feel compatible with the program then you can get a refund with the right company. Good Article Spinner Software Companies may Offer Low First Month Purchase Often article spinners that are worth their weight in gold, will give you a very low first month purchase, this is so you can understand how the program works and get used to working with it. Of course, at the end of the first month you will be charged the full price, but at least you understand the program and know whether it works well or not. Good Article Spinners offer Free Trials Really effective article spinning software programs will often offer a free trial period, so that you learn how to work the program well. In the trial period users will be able to use the program fully and understand how it works, and see if it meets their needs. Many article spinner software reviews rave about a certain spinning software, but there are actually very few that live up to their promise, or their offer. The only way to distinguish these from the rest is by making sure they offer at least some of the above features. Save production costs. Find out which Article Content Spinner Software is best for you. Read reviews at .articlerewriter.co.cc/

There is only one way to improve the quality of your articles and that is to improve your writing skills. Here’s how you can do that: 1. First, read good articles. Go to popular submission sites where you can easily find award-winning articles. Study them and determine their writing patterns. This simple task can really help you improve your writing skills dramatically as you’ll know right away the things that can and cannot capture the attention of your target readers. 2. Learn from the experts. Be willing to check out sites that are being run by expert article writers or writing gurus. From time to time, these people would offer free writing seminars and trainings in their effort to boost their page views and their following. Take advantage of their offerings to get cool tips and effective tips. Who knows, you can even get trade secrets and insider tips. 3. Practice. Practice. Practice. It’s not enough that you attend writing seminars and that you read good articles. It’s very important that you put everything you’ve learned into practice. Write several articles on a regular basis. Through this, you can easily figure out those areas that you’re struggling with and your strengths. You will then know what areas you need to focus on to get better in this field. 4. Hire a writing coach. Today, more and more writing gurus are offering personal coaching programs to writers like you. If you have the resources, I recommend that you sign up with their services as these can speed up the learning process. They can offer you with your exact learning needs and the kind of assistance that you’re looking for. After getting valuable information from writing gurus and from reading good articles, the next step to take in order to improve your writing skills is to know how you can properly write high quality articles. Here’s how you can do that: 1. First, choose your topics. It’s crucial that you consider your target audience when choosing your topics. As you would want to grab their attention and later on, impress them, pick topics that are aligned to their areas of interest. You can also talk about their problems and the things that they would like to achieve. In my case, I usually discuss topics about making money online as I’m targeting those people who would like to make money at the comforts of their own home. As I am able to offer them the kind of information that they are looking for, I don’t have a problem getting them to pay attention to my copies. You should do the same. 2. Research your topics thoroughly. It’s not enough that you’re somehow familiar with your chosen topics. Remember, you need to offer your readers with complete information — you owe it to them. You can do this by doing your homework and by gathering as much relevant information as possible. 3. Keep your readers’ preferences in mind when writing your articles. You should write your articles using the preferred terms, language, and writing style of your audience. You should also write from their perspective. This is to easily build that connection with them and to get them to easily identify with you. Sean Mize teaches coaches, consultants, and small business owners how to package their knowledge and sell it at a high price. Internet Marketing Coaching Program

Article writing for beginners may be too much of a task to accomplish. Those who are rather new to writing may feel dread, especially when they are faced with articles of considerable length. Even at school or at work, creating an article such as a speech, or perhaps an essay or a reaction to a specific topic, composers of such literature would sometimes find themselves in a state of non productivity. Nevertheless, one should not fear writing up stuff, even the topics may be quite hard to comprehend as there are some tips to follow to make life a little bit easier. Choose a specific keyword More often than not, the very first thing one should do is to think of the main topic. It may be a single word or a concept. It may be a general topic or a specific one. What ever the topic is, one should associate a keyword or keyphrase for it. Since internet search engines find related hits in their database based on certain tags and word occurrences as articles get published, finding a usual and common term as a related keyword may be best. Using the keyword or keyphrase in an average of once per one hundred words would suffice as a decent ratio that would not look like a spam. Create appropriate subpoints Having these subtitles would help the writer chop up sub aspects off of a given topic. This eases the burden of having the writer create a chunk of information which may lose coherence among each sentence in it. Subpoints would serve as a good means for trying to expand the topic on different angles. Publish attention grabbing titles related to the main topic Casual Internet surfers would have a focus allocation for about an article of 300 to 500 words. Any shorter and the thought of the article may not be thoroughly explained. Too long and the reader may lose interest. A good practice is to make it into 100 word paragraphs with subheaders and the most important being the title. The title is the main tag line for search engines to look for appropriate tags. It should be in the title that the keyword is mentioned first because search engines prioritize titles. Of course it should also be a catchy title to attract initial attention of the reader.

Here’s a surefire method to guarantee you achieve the best results from your sales letters. Rather than make a sales pitch that your prospects will very likely ignore, instead present your products or services as the answer to their problems. When you offer the help that your target audience is looking for it won’t be hard to make sales. You can show that you really do understand the needs of your market by addressing these five specific questions right up front in your sales letter. 1. What’s In It For Me? This is the number one rule of salesmanship. People buy products for one reason only…what they will receive out of it. You must instantly tell any prospect exactly what they will get out of your product .For more details visit o .web-sales-letter-supreme.com. Your best opportunity to do this is in your headline. Make a bold statement right up front and capture your target audience immediately. 2. How Will My Life Become Better? This is where you have to understand the emotional appeals that attract your prospects like moths to a flame. Do they want to become richer, smarter, better looking, thinner or more popular? Do they want to save time, money or effort? Study your niche market until you know what emotional buttons to push and you’ll see a huge increase in your sales instantly. 3. What Will Happen If I Say No? You have to give people a compelling reason to buy from you. A good way to do that is by reminding them what will happen if they don’t purchase your product .For more information visit to .private-labels-empire.com. What problems will continue to exist for them, how much money will they lose, how type of frustration will they continue to endure? Help your prospects to see that they really can’t afford to say no because your product truly is the solution to their problems. 4. Why Should I Trust You? The best way to establish trust in your sales letters is by using testimonials. A good testimonial is the written equivalence of a word of mouth referral. Prospects naturally trust what other people say about their experience with you. Get your past customers who have been happy with your business to give you testimonials to use in your sales letter. 5. Will I Be Stuck With Your Product? Here’s where you can literally seal the deal. Reverse the risk of doing business with you. Always offer a money back guarantee so that people will feel confident that they won’t lose out if your product is not what they expected. When your prospects see that you stand behind your products enough to assume the risk they can feel more comfortable in purchasing your products. When you use these easy tips to answer your prospects questions in your sales letter, not only will you gain an unfair advantage over your competition, but you’ll also show your prospect that you care about their problems and your product is the solution that they need. About The Author .sales-letters-creator.com .sale-trigger-generator.com

Now that you have decided to use Joomla CMS for your Website development projects, you might be asking what to do next. The first thing you need to do is to get Joomla from online resources or directly from the Joomla Site. You must download the .zip file and save it to your PC or laptop. There is also a “demo” available for beginners which you can download and use as reference before launching your site publicly. So you must download Joomla and XAMPP as well. XAMPP is a free application needed to run MySQL and PHP on your PC and create a virtual server for you. Joomla Developers recommend this method, especially for Joomla beginners as it is easy to do and will save you from frustrations later. When you’re now ready to host your Joomla CMS Website on a third-party hosting service provider, make sure that PHP is part of the hosting plan or that the host will also be using PHP and Apache servers. PHP and programming language is required by Joomla. PHP is used in retrieving various data from functionalities such as check passwords, corroborate login name, and add items on shopping carts. If you are going to run your own server, please use the Apache server that includes PHP and MySQL database. All these functionalities are done on the Admin side and it is very important, too, to secure Admin page from other people that you don’t trust in the maintenance of your Website. After doing the desired functionalities for your Website, you can now upload the required files to the host. The final step in starting your Joomla Website is to choose the right name. After choosing the right name based also on the niche that you have chosen, you are now ready to play and explore the possibilities of your Website and determine how you want to customize and personalize it. Another important thing to remember is to check for certain Joomla CMS updates, since these updates provided by different Joomla Developers around the world will be a big help in boosting the capabilities and potentials of your Joomla-empowered Website. For more information please visit, .joomlatechnologies.com.

Have you ever heard the phrase, “content rich”? Well, when writing your way to wealth, writing an article that showcases your expertise is like investing in a sure thing. Writers (both online and off) have used articles to get traffic on the web, entice prospects to call, and sell their books and products. But with Twitter, LinkedIn, and other fun places to market your services online, is writing articles still a worthwhile strategy? Absolutely. How Does Writing Marketing Articles Benefit You? At the most basic level, article marketing is a way to syndicate your content and share your expertise. You write an article, post it to your site, and then send it out into the world through online article directories so other people can read it and find you. When your articles are good, they tend to go viral in a way that spreads your ideas (and links to your web site) around the very quickly because other people republish your articles on their blog or in their e-zine. This allows you to reach new markets and readers quickly and easily. But once you’ve reaped these initial benefits from your articles, they still keep working for you with little or no effort on your part. All the articles you submit to article directories will stay there indefinitely. If you look at my EzineArticles.com expert page, you’ll see that I still have articles there from five years ago. These articles, even the ones at the bottom of the list, still get picked up and published by other site owners, which means they still get read and they still send people to my site to find out more information about my services. After publishing your articles on the web, you can still keep using them in your marketing efforts. Your articles can also be submitted to print publications that allow previously published articles, such as trade magazines and association newsletters. These are great places to find an audience, and as long as your article topic fits their readers’ needs, the publications are often happy to get free content from knowledgeable experts. Then, after spreading your articles around in print and on the web, you can compile your articles into a report, ebook, book, or other information product. You can package your articles and sell them, or offer them as a free giveaway. You can arrange them, add to them, and mix them up in any way you want. The list of possible ways to use your articles is as long as your creativity is endless. Your Article Marketing Strategy Although article marketing hasn’t made news since before the social media bomb went off a few years ago, this marketing strategy is still one of the best ways to establish expertise and attract ideal readers and clients to your web site. The key to making article marketing work for you is to consistently be writing new articles. The more you produce, the more readers and links and possibilities you’ll have for using them. If you’re not currently writing and submitting articles, start now. Make writing articles a key component of your marketing strategy, build your arsenal of compelling content, and you’ll immediately see your investment grow! Melinda Copp helps speakers, coaches, consultants, and self-employed professionals write and publish to establish expertise, build relationships with their clients and prospects, and make more money. For a free copy of “Write to Grow Richer; The 7 Secrets of Writing to Sell Your Services,” go to .WritersSherpaPrograms.com.

Are you a beginning songwriter who strives towards writing songs that become hits? Do you need to know how you can improve your songwriting skill? It’s not too complicated. Don’t try to re-invent the wheel. As far as I’m concerned the best way to improve your songwriting is to study what hit songwriters do. Forget about the mediocre stuff and learn from the leaders in the songwriting and music industry. Study what works. As a songwriter who has written quite a few number one songs in my country, one thing that has helped me and continues to help me is the radio. I listen to the radio all the time so I know what type of song is happening. I know what people like, what they want to hear, and what is current. This gives me a good idea of what kind of song I should write to target a particular market. When you listen to the radio, take notes on what hit songs have in common. Study the structure of these songs. What tempo seems to work? Are the chord progressions complicated or are the songs based mainly on riffs? What kind of chords is used? That way you can write songs that appeal to today’s audience. No matter how good your song is, if it sounds like something that would be better suited to ten or twenty years ago, you can forget it. It is a shame how some songwriters treat the songwriting craft. I’m sorry, but if you do not spend time at developing your craft you are bound to fail. I don’t care if its baseball or dancing, those people who come out and top are the very same ones who practice everyday. Those who spend years at perfecting their craft. So learn form those who were there before you. Study and write songs everyday. Lay hold of songwriting books, get songwriting software, do anything to take you to the next level. To improve, a songwriter needs to become more knowledgeable everyday. The more things you know about, and the more you can relate to different aspects of everyday life, the better for you. I never heard of a novelist who didn’t read constantly. The same applies to songwriting and great songwriters. You must put in a lot of work if you want to excel. Nothing comes easy in life. Work, work, and work some more. Pattern your writing after what has been proven to work, but never copy. Do it everyday and reap the rewards. Did you find this article useful? For more useful tips and hints, points to ponder and keep in mind, techniques, and insights pertaining to Internet Business, do please browse for more information at our websites. .adsence-dollar-factory.com .100earningtips.comAre you a beginning songwriter who strives towards writing songs that become hits? Do you need to know how you can improve your songwriting skill? It’s not too complicated. Don’t try to re-invent the wheel. As far as I’m concerned the best way to improve your songwriting is to study what hit songwriters do. Forget about the mediocre stuff and learn from the leaders in the songwriting and music industry. Study what works. As a songwriter who has written quite a few number one songs in my country, one thing that has helped me and continues to help me is the radio. I listen to the radio all the time so I know what type of song is happening. I know what people like, what they want to hear, and what is current. This gives me a good idea of what kind of song I should write to target a particular market. When you listen to the radio, take notes on what hit songs have in common. Study the structure of these songs. What tempo seems to work? Are the chord progressions complicated or are the songs based mainly on riffs? What kind of chords are used? That way you can write songs that appeal to today’s audience. No matter how good your song is, if it sounds like something that would be better suited to ten or twenty years ago, you can forget it. It is a shame how some songwriters treat the songwriting craft. I’m sorry, but if you do not spend time at developing your craft you are bound to fail. I don’t care if it’s baseball or dancing, those people who come out and top are the very same ones who practice everyday. Those who spend years at perfecting their craft. So learn form those who were there before you. Study and write songs everyday. Lay hold of songwriting books, get songwriting software, do anything to take you to the next level. To improve, a songwriter needs to become more knowledgeable everyday. The more things you know about, and the more you can relate to different aspects of everyday life, the better for you. I never heard of a novelist who didn’t read constantly. The same applies to songwriting and great songwriters. You must put in a lot of work if you want to excel. Nothing comes easy in life. Work, work, and work some more. Pattern your writing after what has been proven to work, but never copy. Do it everyday and reap the rewards. About the Author Did you find this article useful? For more useful tips and hints, points to ponder and keep in mind, techniques, and insights pertaining to Internet Business, do please browse for more information at our websites. .adsence-dollar-factory.com .100earningtips.comPigs to help us with diabetes Given the current practical limitations of glucose monitoring and insulin delivery systems, in addition to the current shortage of cadaveric organs, an alternative source of cells that can sense blood glucose levels and respond by releasing appropriate amounts of mature insulin must be identified to turn the promise of cellular therapy for diabetes into a reality for all those who would benefit. Xenogeneic cells are a potential source of cells for transplantation therapy. Because pigs regulate glucose in a similar physiological range to that of humans, and because porcine insulin has been used as an exogenous source of insulin, pigs are generally considered the most promising donor animal. However, islets form xenogeneic pancreata are more immunogenic than allegoric islets. Islets or islet precursors from porcine and bovine sources have been encapsulated in various biomaterials in order to reduce the immune rejection. Recently, pigs have been genetically engineered to lack a specific cell surface molecule that triggers hyperacute rejection due to preformed antibodies. However, there is experimental evidence that Gal is not the only epitope recognised by preformed xenoreactive antibodies. An additional concern with xenografted tissue is the transmission of infectious agents into humans. Porcine endogenous retrovirus transmission has been a focus of several conflicting studies. Some studies report no transmission following transplantation of living porcine tissue into human patients and no evidence of transmission when porcine islets are co-incubated with permissive human stem cells in vitro. Contrary to these reports, porcine endogenous retrovirus transmission was frequently observed between cultured porcine endogenous retrovirus-producing porcine cells or specific pathogen-free porcine islets and human or mouse cells in vivo. Transmission of porcine cytomegalovirus and lymphotropic herpesvirus is also of concern. Stem cells offer a potential solution to the opposed requirements of cell proliferation and function. In theory, these cells can proliferate in an undifferentiated state and then be converted to take on required metabolic functions through genetic and epigenetic manipulations. Stem cells have been isolated from embryonic tissues as well as a variety of fetal and adult sources, including umbilical cord blood, bone marrow, central nervous system, liver and pancreas. One potential advantage of adult stem cells is that they could be used for autologous transplantation. Did you find this article useful? For more useful tips and hints, points to ponder and keep in mind, techniques, and insights pertaining to credit card, do please browse for more information at our websites. .adsence-dollar-factory.com .100earningtips.com

The Kindly, Caring Literary Agent is probably extinct. Today’s agents are more likely to treat you like a paychecks than like the sensitive creative person you are. You won’t get your hand held when you’re blue. You won’t have your manuscript lovingly edited. Even worse than this cold, business-like treatment, you’re unlikely to get your works placed with a publisher by an agent today if you are a budding author. Today: 40% wont read manuscripts by unpublished authors (those who do usually charge) 80% won’t handle professional books over 90% won’t handle regional books, satire, reference or technical works only 2% have a special interest in literature or quality fiction. Agents have changed, along with the publishing industry. They can no longer do the wonderful things they used to for their clients. As publishing houses have been absorbed by big conglomerates, decision-making has moved from editors who love words to accountants who love healthy bottom lines. Their criteria: will it sell? They tend to stick to writers with track records, so the same authors appear year after year on best seller lists. Few new voices are emerging from the big publishing houses which once brought us Faulkner and Hemingway. Ironically, the best way to get their attention is to turn your back on both agents and big publishers! The large publishing houses now rely on their sales reps to scout out self-published and small-imprint books that are selling well. They then approach the authors about printing a second edition of their self-published books. This often results a lucrative book contract if an author decides to go for the deal. But many authors are saying no to the Big Boys. Why settle for 6-15% royalties when you can keep up to 80% of the profits from your book sales and retain the rights to TV and video productions, foreign rights, book clubs, etc?. Especially since you’re going to have to do most of the marketing work yourself anyhow. No, authors have too many other options today to accept whatever big publishing houses offer. And you don’t need an agent to pursue them. There are niche publishers and coop publishers (they will work directly with an author) ; there is self-publishing and/or electronic publishing (you become your own publisher). There are also lots of traditional ways to get out the word about a book without spending a dime, and the Internet has added a whole new dimension to cost-free marketing. The problem is that few authors have the information they need to successfully maneuver today’s brave new publishing world. They need advise on each step. That’s why I gave up being a Literary Agent in favor of becoming the world’s first Author’s Advocate. I found that most writers don’t start thinking about marketing until they have a finished manuscript

One of the most important ways of finding out whether a person is extroverted introverted, or ambiverted is by looking at his writing pressure. Pressure is a sign of how forceful the individual is. Pressure is a sign of how forceful the individual is. But first, we have to make sure that the writing tool is the one the writer usually employs. The amount of pressure one uses reflects the libido-the strength of the individual. So if the subject were to use a much heavier writing tool than he ordinarily does (or vice versa), the result would obviously not reflect his true writing strength. Many graphologists say that the more physically minded the individual is and the more drive he has, the more apt he is to use a heavier writing tool than his counterpart does. This heavier writing tool suits his personality. The more spiritually motivated writer, with less physical drive, would be more likely to use a lighter writing tool. Still, it is important for the graphologist to be aware of variations. In any given day, a healthy individual can go through quite a few changes of mood. So if the writer is naturally an “up” person and an analysis were done of him at a time in the day when he was “down,” then this analysis would probably be an inaccurate refection of his permanent personality traits. Thus, when we do an analysis, we like to have as much written material as possible taken from different periods. Picture light pressured writing. The writing is quite fine, almost threadlike. This writer’s major personality trait is his sensitivity. He is usually idealistic, often spiritual, and is affected by what goes on around him. In contrast to these “soft” traits, he often seems to be quite critical. He is an introvert, and yet many people who write with light pressure go against their basic natures to take on outgoing, high-pressure jobs-that of a salesman, for example. Imagine heavy pressured writing. This writer’s major drives are physical (try writing this hand and see how much strength it requires). He is materialistic, forceful, and rarely modest. At work, if perseverance is necessary, he is the man for the job, for he rarely gives up. He has natural energy and is determined to succeed. He enjoys being among people, is an extrovert, and prefers a “fast” crowd. Most people write with medium pressure. This writer is the happy balance between the previous two, neither overly sensitive nor overly materialistic. Because he does not have these excesses, it is much easier for him to be understood than the other two-he is an ambivert. These points about pressure can be further broken down. When we have light pressure with small middle-zone letters, we see a writer who is inventive (remember that small middle-zone letters indicate the scientific thinker) as well as sensitive. Light pressure with larger and rounder middle-zone letters reveal sensitivity manifesting itself in helping others and cooperating with them. When the light-pressured writing has an irregular base line and the t bar is both small and light, we see the born follower. The light pressure shows him to be sensitive, not the aggressive type. When he writes the irregular base line, his thinking is not straight, and small and light t-bars show him to have a lack of confidence. The light-pressured writer can have an occasional heavier stroke. In that case, though he may be sensitive, he probably is prone to sudden outbursts of temper and lacks patience, expressed by the sudden appearance of the heavy strokes. A heavy-pressured writing that shows uniqueness, especially in the capitals (representing the ego), will indicate qualities of leadership. Such a writer thinks big. The heavy pressure indicates strength of personality, and his sense of his own uniqueness shows up in his capitals. These qualities combined make him a true leader. Consider heavy-pressured writing coupled with muddy writing. This writer is extremely sensuous, difficult to control, and often violent. The accent is on the physical. Pressure that constantly varies, from light to medium to heavy or any other order, indicates a person who is in the process of changing. This does not necessarily mean a youngster, for many older people go through changes in life-style, too. This illustrates why the graphologist cannot determine the chronological age of the writer. Inconsistent pressure can also be an indication of emotional imbalance. Thus the various types of pressures represent all the conflicting aspects of the personality, and the graphologist therefore requires various samples of writing from different periods of time to make a complete analysis. Pressure/stress can be found in any and all zones, in vertical direction (’stable axis’) and in horizontal direction (’mobile axis.’) STABLE AXIS: Notice the excessive and disproportionate stress attributed to the vertical, ‘up and down’ direction (’stable axis’) in the above sample. MOBILE AXIS: In contrast, the above sample displays excessive and disproportionate stress horizontally (’mobile axis’). The one interpretative word for stress in the stable axis that always fits is “egocentricity,” with strength of character on the intellectual level (upper zone only) and irrational obstinacy and blind virility on the instinctual level (lower zone only). Another term is “life-preserving instinct,” still another, “complete personality,” again for one who stresses the whole axis. His positive personality description appears to me as follows: Able to conceive ideas, or at least to take the initiative, he also has the will and the capacity to carry out what he undertakes; the strong and full-length stable axis is a good illustration of this. No doubt he is headstrong, too, and that frequently makes him a difficult person to deal with. He is of upright character, though somewhat stiff and inflexible and a reliable and thorough worker-so long as his personal interests go with the task at hand. No appeal to his “magnanimity” will ever fail, for he wants to be the protector of the weak. But once his personal interest is extinguished, he breaks away as easily and impetuously as he conceived, or joined in, the undertaking. For better or for worse, he is made of one piece, wholly with or against you. Therefore, as a person of convictions, he is willing to fight for his beliefs, and his most unshakable belief is his belief in himself. In fact, he may be called an egoist of the first water. Similarly, he is Don Juan, Julius Caesar, and King Solomon in one, and no matter how old he is, his mind remains young and bold. Since he has convictions, he can convince others. Since he has the strength to carry out his ideas, he also has the power to eliminate resisting forces. He is a man, a leader, a “father ideal.” The negative description of a writer who stresses the whole stable axis runs somewhat as follows: To him the concept of egocentricity assumes a more primitive and negative hue. He is the “he-man” in the negative sense of the word. Under any pretext he will seize the reins and drive any undertaking with which he is connected in the direction his boundless pride and selfishness point. He cannot be appeased because he is unwilling to listen. Besides, he wants his decisions to be looked upon as laws. Therefore, where he has passed through once, no one can dwell. He is often brutal and inconsiderate, and this becomes particularly apparent as soon as his interest in a matter or a person ends. For then he assumes the right to crush it or him. Indeed, his relation to his fellow men is one of complete disregard; he recognizes neither the rights nor cherished traditions of others. He takes a person when he needs him, and drops him when he has served his purpose. These jungle principles also determine his relations to the other sex. All his thinking and doing are exclusively directed toward self-preservation. He is a “he-man,” a “mis-leader,” a “father terror.” This negative personality portrait, together with that of the writer with the positive full-length accent on the stable axis, bears some resemblance to what may be called the masculine character. Certain graphologists, perhaps with this thought in mind, have taken the stable axis as the masculine symbol. I am inclined to concur. I have mentioned that the stable axis, through its slanted ness or frailty, mirrors the writer’s protest or his weakness and sensitivity. It does still more. Sometimes the downstrokes are arched (particularly in such letters as H, T, h, t, and f, as in the sample below). The interpretation assumes that these arcs, when they open toward the right, do so under “pressure” from the right (future), and when they open toward the left, do so to ward off those invigorating forces. I am speaking here of the writers who “face” the future hopefully and in good fighting trim, and of the others who do not wish to “face” it at all. In the interpretation of “limited” downstrokes, such as ing’s and y’s, our sense of proportion is of decisive importance. Disproportionately short, these downstrokes are suggestive of early sexual trauma resulting in an infantile emotionality. Particularly when coquettishly ornate they betray a playful (feminine) pretense of maturity. Even though my experience is too limited for certainty, I believe it is necessary to mention here that shrunken lower projections have also been indicative of writers with deformed or incapacitated feet. (The p in “Hopkins,” which looks like a golf club, was written by a man with a clubfoot.) Disproportionately long downstrokes in the lower zone, on the other hand, betray a desire for sexual satisfaction and an inversely proportionate capacity for finding it. Such elongated, heavy, yet “trembling” downstrokes have been seen in the hands of senile writers, whose thoughts would not leave the instinctual zone. The well-proportioned and stressed downstroke in the lower zone is suggestive of stressed sexual desire and the determination to find satisfaction. But because of its location in the lower zone, this stroke has also been identified with a certain assertiveness and obstinacy that is all the more difficult to dispel because its background is purely emotional. The same stroke, left-slanted (in a right-slanted script), would then betray either opposition to or resignation (frustration) with respect to marital relations. These downstrokes, heavy and left-slanted, were quite characteristic of soldiers’ letters, particularly those from the less “hospitable” Pacific fronts. And the stable axis completely devoid of any stress and pressure, in the presence of pressure in left-right strokes, has been found in the handwriting of men with “heavy lapses of potency.’ From the foregoing facts and considerations, the conclusion seems indeed permissible that, whatever its name, the stable axis is a most important pen stroke in a person’s script. Without the strokes of the stable axis the script would be illegible, the personality indefinable. With all strokes erased but those of the stable axis, we still could not only read the script but also interpret the personality of the subject to a considerable degree. Provided that we are told of its length and its place in relation to the three zones, the strength, shape, and slantedness of this one stroke furnish us with many very valuable clues. The stable axis, therefore, is not only the backbone of a person’s script; it is also the backbone of his character picture. Moreover, the stable axis is the stage of a person’s libido. Pressure in the stable axis gives us a means of determining the amount of libido invested there. Excessive pressure warns us of serious sexual inhibitions and of an overcompensated libidinal deficiency, while in some cases lack of pressure betrays an accomplished sublimation. That the stable axis is the masculine symbol in handwriting appears confirmed in my experience. For whenever I found stress in the stable axis of a script, I assumed the subject to be male or masculine, and when the stable axis was free of stress, I took it for granted that a female or feminine person had written the sample, and I have never been wrong in this respect. It is true, of course, the “masculine” and “feminine” have to be defined anew in each case. There are only two kinds of horizontal strokes in the lower zone: one with, the other without, pressure. We underline a word to draw the reader’s special attention to it. The horizontal stroke underlining the writer’s name is interpreted as the writer’s unconscious desire for greatness, importance, fame, immortality. The same pressureless stroke, but short and not below the writer’s name, is indicative of the writer’s unconscious desire to dominate. It is the prerogative of feminine (female) writers, both the “domestic tyrant” and the crank. Close scrutiny may reveal that these are sisters under the skin. However, in writing, the nagger’s stroke may be written without pressure, whereas the people who write “letters to the editor” underline certain words or phrases in these letters with all the pressure they can exert. I shall give this aspect of the mobile axis special attention. Underlined words and phrases in personal letters are not often seen. Normally, if need be, the writer will phrase his sentences so that the stress quite naturally falls on a certain word; to underline it would seem to be an improper overemphasis that offends first his, then the addressee’s, taste. In fact, the habit of underlining words or phrases has always been associated with people who insist on their own opinions, whether or not they thereby offend anyone, and who are not only prepared but also willing to fight anyone who is so imprudent as to contradict them. Such an irrational (and sometimes pathological) attitude is indicative of the choleric or irascible (or paranoiac) writer to whom almost every word (and the thought it stands for) is emotionally stressed and fraught with repressed and suppressed meanings, so that every doubt, even the mildest, or any counterproposal arouses in him all the resistance and emotional opposition he is able to muster. Note: The following writing samples show stress in the mobile (horizontal) axis: Excessive and disproportionate pressure is placed upon the horizontal strokes. Notice that the downstrokes are written comparatively lighter. When the mobile axis is comparatively heavier than the downstrokes: Mother appears to be the actively domineering or aggressive head of the family; the father remains relatively weak and ineffectual, though perhaps a man of intellectual stature; or he may be hated, or dead, or absent. The child feels neglected or overpowered by the mother, depending on whether her love is lacking or overwhelming. The child never really feels secure, is always either slighted or fondled, emotionally starved or smothered; in one word, confused. It is typical of writers with most of their pressure in the mobile axis that they can conceive neither of their own nor, for that matter, of any limitations, nor can they stop “making the best of themselves.” (Overcompensation) Notice the pressure in the mobile (horizontal) axis in the t¬ bars and in the finals in the following sample: Examination for Lesson 12 1. The one interpretative word that always fits for stress in the stable (vertical) axis is___? 2. He takes a person when he needs him, drops him when he has served his purpose, describes what type of writing? 3. Describe the stroke where one either is in opposition to or frustrated with marital relations. 4. Which stroke and location describes one with an unconscious desire for greatness, importance? 5. Underlined words, phrases, especially in personal notes, are associated with people that insist on their own opinions, or people looking for comfort? A. Insist on their own opinions___ B. People looking for comfort___ 6. Which type of writing is being defined? The mother appears to be the actively domineering head of the family, the father remaining relatively weak; or he may be hated, dead or absent. 7. Overcompensation may be said about what type of writer? 8. If pressure in the mobile (horizontal) axis can be found other than in the ‘t’ bars, where, for example, might this be? Answers for Lesson 12 1. Egocentricity 2. The writer of (exclusively) excessive pressure in the stable axis 3. (Stressed) lower zone downstrokes that are left-slanted in a right-slanted script. 4. The horizontal stroke underlining the writer’s name. 5. Insist on their own opinions 6. The writer of (exclusively) excessive pressure in the mobile axis 7. Writers with most of their pressure in the mobile axis. 8. In the finals About The Author: Joel Engel is the author of “Handwriting Analysis Self-Taught” (Penguin Books) careertest.ws .learngraphology.com If you would like to view the images to this article, please send a blank email to engraphnetvision.net.il